@PhDThesis{Muler:2018:AnReSa,
author = "Muler, Ranieli dos Anjos de Souza",
title = "An{\'a}lise da resposta sazonal e interanual da din{\^a}mica
florestal utilizando dados do sensor MODIS/MAIAC e medidas in situ
em um fragmento de floresta no Sudoeste da Amaz{\^o}nia",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2018",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2018-08-10",
keywords = "ecofisiologia, secas sazonais e extremas, fenologia,
Amaz{\^o}nia, sensoriamento remoto, ecophysiology, seasonal and
extreme droughts, phenology, Amazon, remote sensing.",
abstract = "Florestas tropicais t{\^e}m um importante papel no ciclo e
estoque de carbono, e na regula{\c{c}}{\~a}o do clima. Nas
{\'u}ltimas d{\'e}cadas, severos eventos de seca foram
registrados sobre as florestas tropicais amaz{\^o}nicas, a
exemplo das secas de 2005, 2010 e 2015/16. Os modelos
clim{\'a}ticos t{\^e}m previsto que estes eventos ser{\~a}o
mais frequentes nos pr{\'o}ximos anos e reportado, ainda, um
aumento na temperatura. Durante per{\'{\i}}odos de seca, sazonal
ou interanual, tem sido observado diferentes respostas da floresta
amaz{\^o}nica em termos de capacidade fotossint{\'e}tica do
dossel, {\'a}rea foliar, crescimento de madeira e mortalidade.
Mas, a din{\^a}mica sazonal da floresta n{\~a}o {\'e}
impulsionada apenas pela disponibilidade de {\'a}gua, uma vez que
s{\'{\i}}tios de estudo n{\~a}o limitados por {\'a}gua
t{\^e}m mostrado aumento da capacidade fotossint{\'e}tica
durante a esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o seca, impulsionado pelo aumento de
radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o. As quest{\~o}es que envolvem a
din{\^a}mica da floresta amaz{\^o}nica sob condi{\c{c}}{\~o}es
de altera{\c{c}}{\~o}es nos recursos ambientais
dispon{\'{\i}}veis, ainda s{\~a}o objeto de debate. Diante
disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta
sazonal e interanual de um fragmento de floresta de terra firme no
Sudoeste da Amaz{\^o}nia {\`a} seca, por meio de dados de
sensoriamento remoto (SR) e medidas in situ. A {\'a}rea de estudo
compreende uma parcela de 5 ha localizada no s{\'{\i}}tio RJA,
estado de Rond{\^o}nia, que foi monitorada entre 2015/17.
Inicialmente foram avaliados os aspectos climatol{\'o}gicos do
s{\'{\i}}tio de estudo, e a intensidade do extremo de seca
atrav{\'e}s do {\'{\i}}ndice Standard precipitation index
(SPI). Em seguida, a resposta da floresta foi avaliada sob quatro
pontos de vista: i) resposta fenol{\'o}gica do dossel, tomando
como base a varia{\c{c}}{\~a}o do {\'{\i}}ndice de
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) e do Green
chromatic coordinate (Gcc) como proxy da capacidade
fotossint{\'e}tica e produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o de folhas novas,
derivados do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS), com efeitos de nuvens, aeross{\'o}is e artefatos da
geometria sensor-sol corrigidos pelo algoritmo Multi- Angle
Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC), ii) resposta
fisiol{\'o}gica, com uso de medidas de crescimento do tronco,
obtidas com dendr{\^o}metros pontuais e, produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
serapilheira iii) resposta ecofisiol{\'o}gica, com uso de
atributos funcionais indicativos de toler{\^a}ncia {\`a} seca
(potencial em que a planta perde 50% da condutividade
hidr{\'a}ulica (P50), potencial no ponto de perda de turgor
(\πTLP) e isohidricidade) e iv) propriedades
f{\'{\i}}sicas e qu{\'{\i}}micas do solo, al{\'e}m de umidade
do solo e profundidade do len{\c{c}}ol fre{\'a}tico. Os
resultados n{\~a}o demonstraram comportamento padronizado da
floresta em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a}s varia{\c{c}}{\~o}es
interanuais do clima. Durante o evento de El-Niņo de 2015/16
instaurou-se um epis{\'o}dio de seca de grau leve no
s{\'{\i}}tio de estudo entre novembro de 2015 e maio de 2016,
nesse per{\'{\i}}odo, foi observada uma redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
~7% na precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o e aumento m{\'e}dio de ~1°C na
temperatura do ar. Na an{\'a}lise em n{\'{\i}}vel de dossel,
uma diminui{\c{c}}{\~a}o do EVI (efeito browning) foi observada
durante a esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o seca, com respectivo aumento (efeito
greenning) ocorrendo na esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o chuvosa. O EVI foi um
melhor indicativo da maturidade foliar, devido apresentar aumento
entre tr{\^e}s a cinco meses ap{\'o}s o pico de
produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o de folhas novas visto com o Gcc. Os atributos
funcionais P50, \πTLP e o predominante comportamento
anisoh{\'{\i}}drico (baixa regula{\c{c}}{\~a}o
estom{\'a}tica) das esp{\'e}cies arb{\'o}reas monitoradas,
indicaram que a floresta apresenta grau moderado de
resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} seca no contexto da parcela de estudo,
considerando todas as classes de di{\^a}metro. O crescimento
m{\'e}dio anual das {\'a}rvores foi de 0,18 ą 0,15 cm.ano-1, com
menores valores durante a esta{\c{c}}{\~a}o seca, e menor
incremento entre as esp{\'e}cies de di{\^a}metro < 20 cm. Os
atributos funcionais demonstraram que as {\'a}rvores mais finas
s{\~a}o, tamb{\'e}m, menos resistentes {\`a} seca. A {\'a}gua
foi o principal fator limitante para a din{\^a}mica xii da
floresta em n{\'{\i}}vel de dossel, uma vez que, o EVI (Rē=0,37)
e a serapilheira total (Rē=0,56), apresentaram
correla{\c{c}}{\~a}o significativa com a
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o (\α=0,05), e tamb{\'e}m em
n{\'{\i}}vel fisiol{\'o}gico devido a correla{\c{c}}{\~a}o
significativa entre crescimento das {\'a}rvores e a
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o (Rē=0,19) e umidade do solo (Rē=0,24)
(\α=0,05). Durante a ocorr{\^e}ncia do epis{\'o}dio de
El-Niņo em 2015/16, foram observados \ΔEVI e \ΔGcc
negativos. Mas, efeitos no crescimento foram vistos p{\'o}s
El-Niņo, sugerindo que a frequ{\^e}ncia de anomalias negativas na
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o possa ser cr{\'{\i}}tica para a
floresta, independente da intensidade da seca. ABSTRACT: Tropical
forests play an important role in carbon cycle and stock, and in
climate regulation. In recent decades, severe drought events have
been recorded on the Amazon rainforest, as in the case of the
2005, 2010 and 2015/16 droughts. The climate models have predicted
that these events will be more frequent in the coming years and
also reported an increase in temperature. During periods of
drought, seasonal or interannual, different responses of the
Amazon forest in terms of photosynthetic capacity of the canopy,
leaf area, wood growth and mortality have been observed. However,
the seasonal dynamics of the forest is not only driven by the
availability of water, since study sites not limited by water have
shown increased photosynthetic capacity during the dry season,
driven by increased radiation. The issues surrounding the dynamics
of the Amazon forest under conditions of changes in available
environmental resources are still under discussion. The objective
of this study was to evaluate the seasonal and interannual
response of a dryland forest fragment in the Southwest of the
Amazon to drought, using remote sensing (SR) data and in situ
measurements. The study area comprises a plot of 5 ha located on
the RJA site, state of Rond{\^o}nia, which was monitored between
2015/17. The climatological aspects of the study site were
evaluated, and the intensity of the drought were measured through
the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). Then the forest response
was evaluated from four points of view: i) the canopy phenological
response, based on the variation of the vegetation index Enhanced
vegetation index (EVI) and the Green chromatic coordinate (Gcc) as
a proxy for the photosynthetic capacity and the production of new
leaves, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, with effects of clouds, aerosols
and sensor-sol geometry corrected by the Multi-Angle
Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm; ii)
physiological response, using trunk growth measurements, obtained
with point dendrometers and litterfall (iii) ecophysiological
response, using functional attributes indicative of drought
tolerance (water potential in which the plant loses 50% of the
hydraulic conductivity (P50), water potential at the turgor loss
point (\πTLP) and isohydricity) and iv) physical and
chemical properties of the soil, as well as soil moisture and
water table. The results did not demonstrate standardized forest
behavior in relation to interannual climate variations. During the
El-Niņo event of 2015/16, a mild-grade drought episode was
established at the study site between November 2015 and May 2016,
during which a reduction of ~7% in precipitation and a mean
increase of ~ 1 °C at the air temperature. In the canopy level
analysis, a decrease in EVI (browning effect) was observed during
the dry season, with a corresponding increase (greening effect)
occurring in the rainy season. The EVI was a better indicative of
leaf maturity, since it presented increase between three and five
months after the peak of new leaf production seen with Gcc. The
functional attributes P50, \πTLP and the predominant
anisohydric behavior (low stomatal regulation) of the monitored
tree species indicated that the forest presents a moderate degree
of resistance to drought in the context of the study plot,
considering all classes of diameter. The average annual growth of
the trees was 0.18 ą 0.15 cm.year-1, with lower values during xiv
the dry season, and smaller increment among the species of
diameter <20 cm. Functional attributes have shown that thinner
trees are also less resistant to drought. Water was the main
limiting factor for forest dynamics at the canopy level, since EVI
(Rē = 0.37) and total litter (Rē = 0.56) presented significant
correlation with precipitation (\α = 0.05), and also at the
physiological level due to the significant correlation between
tree growth and precipitation (Rē = 0.19) and soil moisture (Rē =
0.24) (\α = 0.05). During the occurrence of the El-Niņo
episode in 2015/16, \ΔEVI and \ΔGcc negative were
observed. However, effects on growth were seen after El Niņo,
suggesting that the frequency of negative precipitation anomalies
may be critical to the forest, regardless of the intensity of the
drought.",
committee = "Shimabukuro, Yosio Edemir (presidente) and Borma, Laura de Simone
(orientadora) and Wagner, Fabien Hubert and Araujo, Alessandro
Carioca de and Moura, Yhasmin Mendes de",
englishtitle = "Analysis of seasonal and interannual response of forestry dynamics
using MODIS/MAIAC sensor data and in situ measurements in a forest
fragment in Southwest of the Amazon",
language = "pt",
pages = "93",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3RK95K8",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3RK95K8",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}